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Mothers may react with apathy or disinterest, which produces even more withdrawal on the part of the infant . While simplified schematics or models help to organize understanding of the influences on children\u2019s health both during childhood and beyond, life is not as simple as these models suggest. This dimension of health connects your overall well-being to the health of your environment.<\/p>\n
Your environment, both your social and natural surroundings, can greatly impact how you feel. It can be hard to feel good if you are surrounded by clutter and disorganization, or if you feel unsafe in your environment. Pollution, violence, garbage buildup, and water conservation are some of the factors affecting environmental wellness. Ways to manage environmental wellness include creating neighborhood watches, recycling, planting a personal or community garden, purchasing products with minimal packaging, avoiding littering, and conserving energy and water by turning off lights and water when not in use. Although the nature and degree of family influences on children change over time, both experimental and nonexperimental evidence indicates that the family continues to have direct influence on a child\u2019s decision making well into adolescence (Larson, 1974; Romer, 1994).<\/p>\n
A gene may affect health as a result of the interaction of its protein product with another aspect of a child\u2019s biology. The combinations of these interactions may result in an enhanced, worsened, or inconsequential change in health status.<\/p>\n
Some behaviors are planned and deliberate; others are reflexive, impulsive, and contingent on environmental circumstances. A child\u2019s emotions, beliefs, and attitudes affect health, principally through the way they modify a child\u2019s explicit and overt behaviors, such as his or her health and life-style choices. While biology, behavior, and environmental categories are useful for organizing our discussion, it is important to understand that healthy development is not the product of single, isolated influences or even types of influences. Warm and nurturing parenting is an important family influence, but prematurity or visual impairment can make an infant unresponsive to a mother\u2019s initial nurturing.<\/p>\n
Low-birthweight infants experience more difficult transitions and are more likely to be fussy during social interactions and less likely to smile and vocalize (Beckwith and Rodning, 1992; Barnard and Kelly, 1990). These infant reactions in turn impose stresses on the parent, which may affect the child\u2019s health through impaired attachment. In addition to the influence of explicit behaviors on health, a child\u2019s internal emotional, attitude motivation, or belief states may exert effects on health.<\/p>\n
Presumably such effects are conveyed through a child\u2019s emotional arousal states, which in turn result in physiological changes, such as increased pulse and elevated blood pressure, glycemic, and immune responses. Behavioral influences on children\u2019s health are often reciprocal, both influencing and influenced by parents, peers, and others. This section focuses on the internal psychological factors that underpin children\u2019s behavior, with implications for subsequent health outcomes. Individuals with these genotypes are likely to be affected by the disease because they have a high chance of being exposed to the physical environmental agent. There are also gene alterations resulting from uncommon physical environmental exposures that affect health.<\/p>\n
Understanding the biological pathway of the disease and its interactions with other biological processes facilitates treatment options by modifying the causal path. The influence of genes on health always exists in an environmental context; in the next sections we describe how genes affect behavior and the physical and social environments. People with higher incomes tend to be healthier and live longer than people with low incomes. They usually have more access to safe spaces for exercise or other activities.<\/p>\n
People with low incomes are more likely to live in a community of poverty. These can include unsafe housing, more challenges in getting healthy food, and less time for exercise or physical activity. Having a lower income also affects your ability to have affordable health insurance. Social wellness is the ability to relate to and connect with other people in the world.<\/p>\n
Family processes consist of the ways in which family influences operate to affect children\u2019s well-being. They include parenting styles, the provision of family environments, and health habits that may be beneficial or detrimental to children\u2019s heath. We also include in this category two parental characteristics that affect parenting\u2014mental health and substance abuse. As an infant continues his or her explorations and trials, which themselves influence health, they produce reactions from caretakers that in turn further affect the infant\u2019s behavior and health. One of the first developmental challenges faced by an infant is adaptation to extrauterine life.<\/p>\n
An example of a positive susceptibility gene to a physical environmental agent may be that for perfect pitch. It appears that individuals with exposure to music and a family history of perfect pitch are more likely to acquire perfect pitch . Classically, genes have been considered to be the \u201cinstructions\u201d for building proteins, although it is clear now that they have other functions as well.<\/p>\n